{"id":1111,"date":"2021-08-10T10:39:28","date_gmt":"2021-08-10T10:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/?page_id=1111"},"modified":"2021-08-10T10:41:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-10T10:41:56","slug":"sips","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/sips\/","title":{"rendered":"Stable Isotope Precipitation Sampling (SIPS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-1111\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-1111-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1111-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1111-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_text panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1111-0-0-0\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Introduction to the Stable Isotope Precipitation Sampling Project (SIPS)<\/h3>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><p>We (Kendra Revoy, Penny Morrill, and Michael Babechuk) are looking to determine the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) for the island of Newfoundland.<\/p>\n<p>This project needs water samples for each season from across the island. It involves collecting water samples (precipitation) and recording weather parameters at the time of sampling. After collection, the samples are shipped back to Memorial University and will be analyzed.<\/p>\n<p>The goals of this proposed citizen science project are to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Engage NL students in scientific research that occurs at MUN.<\/li>\n<li>Promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as well as equity, diversity, and inclusion.<\/li>\n<li>Put NL science research in a global context.<\/li>\n<li>Discover the local meteoric water line for NL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Watch a presentation on the project here (run time of 28 minutes):<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Citizen Science and a Local Meteoric Water Line - SIPS Project, Memorial University\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6CaiWPcxZOk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-1111-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_text\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1111-0-0-1\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">The Local Meteoric Water Line and Stable Isotopes<\/h3>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><p><strong>Stable Isotopes<br \/>\n<\/strong>An isotope represents one or more variations of the same element. Most people are familiar with radiogenic isotopes, such as\u00a0<sup>14<\/sup>C used to date artifacts. Radiogenic isotopes are unstable such that they decay over time. However, did you know that there are also stable isotopes that do not decay? For example, carbon has 2 stable isotopes,\u00a0<sup>12<\/sup>C and\u00a0<sup>13<\/sup>C.\u00a0<sup>13<\/sup>C is heavier than\u00a0<sup>12<\/sup>C because it has an extra neutron. Therefore, we call\u00a0<sup>13<\/sup>C the heavy isotope and\u00a0<sup>12<\/sup>C the light isotope of carbon.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen and oxygen also have multiple stable isotopes. For this project, we will be focussing on the light hydrogen isotope\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>H and the heavier stable hydrogen isotope\u00a0<sup>2<\/sup>H (or deuterium), along with the light oxygen isotope\u00a0<sup>16<\/sup>O and the heavier oxygen isotope\u00a0<sup>18<\/sup>O.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Table-1-300x108.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"108\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Table-1-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Table-1.jpg 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Stable Isotopes of Water<\/strong><br \/>\nCompounds like water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) can contain heavy and light isotopes.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-901\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Scale-300x47.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"47\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Scale-300x47.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Scale.jpg 463w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Lighter H<sub>2<\/sub>O molecules evaporate faster than heavier H<sub>2<\/sub>O molecules. Such that clouds will contain fewer heavier H<sub>2<\/sub>O molecules than the water body they evaporated from.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-902\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-1-237x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-1-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-1.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Reporting Stable Isotope Values<br \/>\n<\/strong>Since some processes change the relative amounts of heavy to light isotopes. When we report the stable isotope value of an element, we use the isotope ratio of heavy to light. For example\u00a0<sup>2<\/sup>H\/<sup>1<\/sup>H for hydrogen and\u00a0<sup>18<\/sup>O\/<sup>16<\/sup>O for oxygen. Also, while reporting the stable isotope value of a sample, we compare its isotope ratio to the ratio of a known standard. For example, for H and O stable isotopes, we compare or normalize the precipitation sample values to ocean water as follows:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-903\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-300x53.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"53\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-300x53.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>More specifically:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1005\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hydrogen-Isotope-Calculation-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hydrogen-Isotope-Calculation-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hydrogen-Isotope-Calculation-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hydrogen-Isotope-Calculation-750x305.png 750w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hydrogen-Isotope-Calculation.png 833w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1006\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Oxygen-Isotope-Calculation-300x116.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Oxygen-Isotope-Calculation-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Oxygen-Isotope-Calculation-768x297.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Oxygen-Isotope-Calculation-750x290.png 750w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Oxygen-Isotope-Calculation.png 839w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Where \ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H is the notation used and is pronounced like this: \u201cdelta H 2\u201d, or \u201cdelta O 18\u201d. The isotope ratio of the sample is normalized to the standard by dividing the sample isotope ratio by the standard isotope ratio and subtracting that fraction by one.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Permil (\u2030)<\/strong><br \/>\nThe stable isotope equation results in a very small number, so we multiple the \ud835\udeff equations by 1000 to put the \ud835\udeff values in units of permil. Permil is just like a percent, except instead of multiplying a fraction by 100, we multiply it by 1000. Such that the actual equations used to calculate the stable isotope values are:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-905\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"155\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Where R represents the stable isotope ratio of\u00a0<sup>2<\/sup>H\/<sup>1<\/sup>H for hydrogen and\u00a0<sup>18<\/sup>O\/<sup>16<\/sup>O for oxygen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The\u00a0\ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H and \ud835\udeff<sup>18<\/sup>O of Ocean Water<\/strong><br \/>\nOcean water is the standard that we use in the above calculations. Such that the \ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H and \ud835\udeff<sup>18<\/sup>O values of ocean water are 0\u2030. You can see how this is by substituting the R of ocean water into the \ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H equation above as both the sample and the standard:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-906\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-4-300x170.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-4-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Isotope-Calculation-4.jpg 319w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Stable Isotope Values of Water Samples<\/strong><br \/>\nWater samples with more of the heavy isotope (<sup>2<\/sup>H and\u00a0<sup>18<\/sup>O) than in ocean water have positive \ud835\udeff values. Conversely, water samples with less heavy isotope than ocean water have negative\u00a0\ud835\udeff values. Therefore, evaporated water will have a more negative value than the reservoir of water it evaporated from.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-907\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-2-300x181.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-2-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-2.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Precipitation favours the heavy isotopes, such that the precipitation \ud835\udeff value is less negative compared to the \ud835\udeff value of water in the cloud.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-908\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-3-261x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-3-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Fractionation-3.jpg 408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The \ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H and \ud835\udeff<sup>18<\/sup>O water is dependent on both latitude and temperature, meaning that a water sample from a low-latitude, generally warm climate such as an island in the Caribbean Sea will have very different \ud835\udeff values than a water sample taken in Newfoundland. These variations can occur in an area as small as the island of Newfoundland itself, which is why it is important to examine samples across the entire geography.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meteoric Water<\/strong><br \/>\nMeteoric water is all water that comes from precipitation. This includes snow, rain, hail, and drizzle.<\/p>\n<p>The Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) was discovered in 1961 by Harmon Craig. This is a linear relationship between the stable hydrogen (\ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H) and stable oxygen (\ud835\udeff<sup>18<\/sup>O) isotopes of water from around the world. This simple linear relationship follows the standard equation of a line (y=mx+b; put into context of the project gives: \ud835\udeff<sup>2<\/sup>H=8*\ud835\udeff<sup>18<\/sup>O+10) and generally holds for any water that has been in recent contact with the atmosphere (aka meteoric water)<\/p>\n<p>Subsequent research has shown that the GMWL is the weighed average of Local Meteoric Water Lines (LMWL). LMWL\u2019s can have a different slope and intercept values compared to the GMWL, providing valuable geochemical and hydrologic data for a specific geographic location. Many areas have developed their own LMWL; however, one has yet to be generated for Newfoundland and Labrador.<\/p>\n<p>LMWL\u2019s can be used in several geoscience applications such as determining the origin of groundwater, tracing local relative humidity, studying local climate, or as a tracer of climate change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-1111-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_text panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1111-0-0-2\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Project Checklist and Guidelines<\/h3>\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><p><strong>Goals<\/strong><br \/>\nThe goal of this project is to gather precipitation samples across the island of Newfoundland, with one common thread that links all methodologies and is paramount to gathering great data:\u00a0<strong><em>avoiding evaporation.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Evaporation, much like latitude and temperature, changes the isotopic ratios in a sample, so it is important to minimize evaporation during sampling.<\/p>\n<p>Not to worry \u2013 this is a simple and straightforward process that starts at the time of sampling and continues through to storage of the samples. To reduce evaporation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use fresh precipitation \u2013 sampled immediately after precipitation (i.e., snow) or during precipitation (i.e., rain) as soon as\u00a0<strong>safely<\/strong>\u00a0possible.<\/li>\n<li>Work quickly. Gather the sample and seal the bag, removing as much air as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Keep the sample in a cool, dark location until it can be transferred from the collection bag to the glass vial. Access to a refrigerator is useful, but not required.<\/li>\n<li>Fill the sample vial until it is nearly overflowing before putting on the cap. If there are any air bubbles in the sample, try to fill it again without air bubbles.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure the lid on the vial is securely closed.<\/li>\n<li>Store the vials in the refrigerator (if possible) until it is time to ship them to Memorial University.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Timeline<\/strong><br \/>\nFor this project, you will ideally gather four sets of precipitation samples throughout 2021 \u2013 one for each season. The timeframe for each season is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Winter: Until March 20, 2021<\/li>\n<li>Spring: March 21 \u2013 June 20, 2021<\/li>\n<li>Summer: June 21 \u2013 September 22, 2021<\/li>\n<li>Fall: September 23 \u2013 December 21, 2021<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sample Location<\/strong><br \/>\nThere are a few basic guidelines to follow while selecting your sampling location. When selecting a location, keep in mind:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A location that is at least partially sheltered. Avoid seaside areas or open fields (wind increases evaporation).<\/li>\n<li>Away from high traffic areas including roadways, sidewalks, or pathways. This will help to reduce debris in the sample.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As part of your data collection, please indicate the exact sampling coordinates using Google Maps. At the end of the project, we will create a visual map of sampling locations across the island. To get exact location details, utilize Google Maps on your smartphone or desktop:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Apple iOS<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-909\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes-294x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes-294x300.jpg 294w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes-1004x1024.jpg 1004w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes-768x783.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes-750x765.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2.-Apple-iOS-Plus-Codes.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Android OS<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-910\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes-267x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes-267x300.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes-912x1024.jpg 912w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes-768x863.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes-750x842.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/1.-Android-OS-Plus-Codes.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Desktop<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-911\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes-300x267.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes-300x267.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes-1024x911.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes-768x683.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes-750x667.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3.-Computer-Plus-Codes.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We will compile all Plus Codes\/sample locations at the end of the data collection portion of the project and share it with all participants.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weather Data &amp; Planning Ahead<\/strong><br \/>\nStaying on top of weather forecasts will allow you to plan a date and time to gather your sample.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Safety First!<\/strong>\u00a0Samples should be collected during a precipitation event, but not during a storm.<\/p>\n<p>To gather the required weather data to accompany your sample, take advantage of the Environment Canada weather database. They have a mobile app for iOS and Android, along with a desktop site. App details are as follows:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">WeatherCAN for iOS<br \/>\nWeatherCAN for Android<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The following data are required for each sample (at the time of sample collection):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Type of precipitation (rain, snow, hail)<\/li>\n<li>Outdoor temperature (including wind chill\/humidity alterations \u2013 the \u201cfeels like\u201d temperature)<\/li>\n<li>Wind speed and direction in km\/h<\/li>\n<li>Relative humidity<\/li>\n<li>Outdoor conditions (rain, snow, drizzle, fog, cloud cover, sun, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Take advantage of your smartphone and take a screenshot of the weather conditions for easy reference when filling in the data sheet.<\/p>\n<p>If using a smartphone not an option, all data can be collected from the Environment Canada website. Make sure to use the appropriate location when gathering weather condition data.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Materials<\/strong><br \/>\nMost required sampling materials will be provided for you, along with prepaid return postage. Kits will include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4 x large zip-top bags (to collect samples)<\/li>\n<li>10 x glass vials<\/li>\n<li>1 x plastic syringe (to transfer liquid into vials)<\/li>\n<li>2 x prepaid Xpresspost envelopes<\/li>\n<li>Return shipping materials and instructions\n<ul>\n<li>4 x small zip-top bags<\/li>\n<li>10 x individual bubble envelopes for vials<\/li>\n<li>2 x absorbent pads<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Not supplied, but would be useful:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two clean, 2L plastic pop bottles (will be transformed into a catchment device for rain)<\/li>\n<li>Access to a smartphone for location and in-situ weather data (this is optional, as all data can be collected on a computer right after sampling \u2013 we will provide instructions for both).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Collecting Snow Samples<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Snow Sample Collection - SIPS Meteoric Water Line Project\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HRgrxpn3WaU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>If there\u2019s snow in the forecast and windspeed is forecasted to be relatively low, it\u2019s time to start planning for sample collection.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Set aside two large zip-top bags to be used for collection. Be sure to label your bags for easy reference.<\/li>\n<li>Once the snow has accumulated on the ground, make your way to the sampling location.<\/li>\n<li>Check the area to ensure that it has not been walked on or contaminated with debris.<\/li>\n<li>Fold-down the edges of the bag to avoid getting snow stuck in the zipper area.<\/li>\n<li>Using the bag or a scooping device, skim the surface of the collection area, adding snow to the bag until it is 1\/3 to 1\/2 full.<\/li>\n<li>Close the bag and gently squeeze out as much air as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Store the sample away from direct sunlight in a cool, dark location (or a refrigerator, if possible). This process takes several hours, so be prepared to leave the sample overnight.\u00a0<u>Do not apply heat\u00a0<\/u>to melt the sample as it encourages evaporation.<\/li>\n<li>If possible, periodically squeeze any extra air out of the bag until the sample is fully melted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Collecting Rain Samples<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Rain Sample Collection - SIPS Meteoric Water Line Project\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GigGSCdXsjA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>If there\u2019s rain in the forecast and windspeed is forecasted to be relatively low, it\u2019s time to start planning for sample collection.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Set aside two zip-top bags and rain funnels to be used for collection. Be sure to label your bags for easy reference.<\/li>\n<li>Be sure to add a weight to the bottom of your bottle funnel so it does not blow away during collection.<\/li>\n<li>Place the bag inside of the bottle\u00a0<u>on top of the weight<\/u>, then insert the funnel to complete the set-up.<\/li>\n<li>Periodically check on the sample. Proceed to the next step once the bag is 1\/4 to 1\/3 full, or once precipitation stops, whichever comes first.<\/li>\n<li>Remove the funnel and close the bag, squeezing out as much air as possible.<\/li>\n<li>Store the sample away from direct sunlight in a cool, dark location (or a refrigerator, if possible) until you are ready to transfer the samples to the vials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sample Transfer and Storage<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Sample Transfer &amp; Storage - SIPS Meteoric Water Line Project\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8Xt5hRvN-aM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>Once the sample has been collected, it must be transferred to the provided vials, dated, and properly stored until shipment.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transfer the collected liquid to the designated sample vial using the syringe. Fill the vial until it is nearly overflowing before putting on the cap. If there are any air bubbles in the sample, carefully remove the lid and top it up with a couple more drops from the syringe.<\/li>\n<li>Tighten the lid and secure with a piece of tape.<\/li>\n<li>Complete these two steps again for the second sample, making sure to fully empty the plastic syringe between each transfer.<\/li>\n<li>Mark the vials with the date the samples were collected.<\/li>\n<li>Store the vials in a cool, dark location (i.e., a refrigerator or cupboard) until shipment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Filling Out the Data Sheet<\/strong><br \/>\nYou can access the online data sheet here:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/Kz8Tj43YxwLat3zJ7\">https:\/\/forms.gle\/Kz8Tj43YxwLat3zJ7<\/a><\/p>\n<p>No detail is too small! It is always better to have more data than you might need, so include as much information as you can for each section of the form.<\/p>\n<p><em>Important: be sure the sample number on your vial is included in the data sheet.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We (Kendra Revoy, Penny Morrill, and Michael Babechuk) are looking to determine the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) for the island of Newfoundland. This project needs water samples for each season from across the island. It involves collecting water samples (precipitation) and recording weather parameters at the time of sampling. After collection, the samples are &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/sips\/\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1111","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","nodate","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1111"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1119,"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1111\/revisions\/1119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esd.mun.ca\/wordpress\/deltasresearch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}